Gettysburg Film Review

Emilie Spencer

History 101-Levesque

Paper 3-Film Review

Gettysburg Film Review

In 1993 the movie Gettysburg, written and directed by Ronald Maxwell, hit the big screen. This epic 254 minute film, was filmed on location in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and depicted the Battle of Gettysburg. Called the bloodiest battle of the Civil War because of the enormous casualties, 51,000 men died and there were over 20,000 men wounded. This film incorporated an all star cast featuring Martin Sheen as General Robert E. Lee, the Confederate General, Tom Berenger as Lt. General James Longstreet of the Confederacy, Jeff Daniels as Col. Joshua L. Chamberlain and Sam Elliott as Brigadier General John Buford, both of the Federal Army. The film also utilized Civil War reenactors to supply the extensive amount of extras needed to portray this colossal event.

Based on the novel The Killer Angels by Micheal Saara, Gettysburg portrays the three day battle from the view of both the South and the North. The movie is divided into two parts, the first, covers the day previous to the battle and the first and second day up to the conclusion of the battle for Little Round Top. The second half of the movie, covers the rest of the second day and the third and final day.

The film portrayed the event in dramatic fashion including using several monologues throughout. One monologue in the first half that was especially moving, it was given by Col. Chamberlain to the 125 detainees from the 2^nd Maine Brigade.; in his attempt to persuade the men to continue in their military service. Chamberlain reminds the men of the purpose of the war, that they are doing is something unique “We are an army out to set other men free.” (Daniels) He goes on to describe what America should be “America should be free ground. All of it. Not divided between slave state and free. All the way to the Pacific Ocean.” (Daniels) Chamberlain, a professor before the war, is particularly charismatic and resolute.

The film also addresses relationships, whether it is Col. Chamberlain and his conflict between being the leader and protector of his younger sibling, or between Gen. Lee and Lt. Gen. Longstreet and their endless debates over strategy. However the most thought provoking relationship is that of Brig. Gen. Armistead and his dear friend Gen. Hancock., two Mexican War veterans’ now common enemies, a friendship torn by civil war. Armistead in particular laments over a promise made to Hancock at the end of the Mexican War where he promised never to be on opposing sides. His internal struggle is evident throughout the film and is brought to a head when he gives Gen. Longstreet, also a Mexican War vet and dear friend, a package to be delivered to Gen. Hancock’s wife in the event of his death, a foreshadowing of the next days events.

Because the film is based on true events its portrayal relies on actual documentation of the war. As a companion to the film, the documentary The Battle of Gettysburg is an additional DVD feature. This short 30min Oscar nominee was filmed in 1955, at the Gettysburg National Military Park. It conveys facts about the Battle of Gettysburg, while panning over the actual battleground, incorporating sound of battle and dramatic pauses. (Nielsen)

Our textbook dedicates only one measly paragraph to this monumental episode in American history. The text depicts Gen Lee as a gambler, a man whose “greatest blunder” (Foner p.511) was in sending in his finest to be decimated on the third day of battle as they advanced on the center of the Union line, losing over half of the 14,000 men before they reached the trees. The film shows Lee as a man of resolve, determined to break the forces of the Federal Army. He is portrayed as a religious man, who prays for his men and for guidance. He repeatedly states that “It is in God’s hands.” (Sheen) Lee was a man of loyalty, knowledge and experience, and a commodity even the Union Army wanted to lead their forces. “A brilliant battlefield tactician, Lee had been offered a command in the Union army but chose to fight for the Confederacy because of his devotion to Virginia.” (Foner p.488)

While viewing the movie with my husband he mentioned that he felt that although Martin Sheen portrayed Gen Lee adequately, Robert Duvall’s depiction in the prequel Gods and Generals seemed to “catch the spirit of the man better”. We also felt that it failed to mentioned Maj. Gen. Jeb Stuart’s battle on the last day with soon to be famed Col. Custer. Stuart was portrayed as a floundering, glory hunter. In the end we both felt the film stayed close to the actual events of the war, was enjoyable to watch, and gave us a greater understanding of the significance of this historic moment in history.

Works Cited

Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2009.

Gettysburg. Dir. Robert F. Maxwell. Perf. Jeff Daniels. 1993.

Gettysburg. Dir. Robert F. Maxwell. Perf. Martin Sheen. 1993.

The Battle of Gettysburg. Dir. Herman Hoffman. Perf. Leslie Nielsen. 1955.

Tomorrowland: The future, of English Language Learners in American Education, is today

Emilie Spencer

Professor Thompson-Dunn

English 102

08 May 2011

Tomorrowland: The future, of English Language Learners in American Education, is today

Teachers all over the nation are inundated with federal regulations, state standards, parental concerns, modern technologies and the newest teaching strategies. Teachers are under increasing pressure to be deemed highly qualified, and produce competitive test scores. This can be difficult because of the influx of students who are English Language Learners (ELLs). Preparation of the educators of tomorrow must include specific strategies to cope with this expanding dynamic. When Walt Disney created Tomorrowland at the Disneyland Resort, he had a vision of creating a blueprint of the future. Disney’s tag line goes “In Tomorrowland, the future is today!” (Disney). The same is true in American classrooms, the future is today. Literacy is one of the key elements in academic achievement; because this is a critical component research has focused on this area. Creation of bilingual literacy blueprints requires more than just a little imagination; they require tailored techniques individually geared to the specific needs of the student.

Bilingual education, using more than one language for instruction, is not a new concept. As early as 1837 Pennsylvania State laws required bilingual education in their classrooms (Sadker and Zittleman p.68). Lau v. Nichols, the 1974 Supreme Court case where 1,800 Chinese students sued because of the language barriers in their school, is a more recent example of the need for bilingual education. “The Court unanimously affirmed that federally funded schools must ‘rectify the language deficiency’ of students. Teaching students in a language they did not understand was not an appropriate education” (Sadker and Zittleman p.67). This Court case prompted the U.S. Department of Education to institute the Lau Remedies, a series of guidelines to eliminate language barriers in schools. Current statistics show that “more than 5 million English Language Learners (ELLs) are enrolled in public elementary and secondary schools” (Sadker and Zittleman p.68). These numbers are not stagnant and are proceeding in an upward fashion (see Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. A graph demostrating ELL school enrollment growth from 1991-2006. (Sadker and Zittleman p.68)

Teachers face many challenges with regard to English Language Learners. “Most teachers have had little or no professional training in facilitating English learning and literacy development in ELLs” (Barone and Hong Xu p.2). Trying to incorporate cultural understanding, differentiate between social and academic language, and providing unique assessments can be overwhelming. Schools generally use one of three approaches when it comes to bilingual education. The first is, the immersion approach, where instruction is given only in English and “the goal is to assimilate the learners into the English language as quickly as possible” (Sadker and Zittleman). Second, the transitional approach is an approach where learning begins in the student’s native language and then transitions into English. And the Third, the maintenance approach, an approach where students are taught in both their native tongue and in English simultaneously; this is an example of true bilingual education.

Although Spanish-speaking students are the majority of ELLs in the U.S., teachers must adapt to many languages. For example in 2009-2010 the state of California reports enrollment of ELLs in over 57 different languages, the top ten being Spanish, Vietnamese, Filipino (Pilipino, or Tagalog), Cantonese, Hmong, Korean, Mandarin, Arabic, and Punjabi (Education and Demographics). ELLs are diverse and have different levels of comprehension and literacy acquisition. Some have a solid foundation in their native tongue, which quickens English-Literacy skills, some have little to no background, and some are in between. “The life experience of an ELL from a developed country is different from that of an ELL from a war torn poverty-stricken country. The diversity of ELLs presents an overwhelming set of challenges to teachers” (Hong Xu p.2-3).

Students categorized as ELLs also face many challenges. “Because reading and writing are not inevitable processes, even in a first language, it stands to reason that considerable energy and effort are needed to learn to do them in a new language.” (Lems, Miller and Soro p.4). Imagine a teacher at the front of the classroom speaking in a foreign language, students around you are busily writing things down and raising their hands. The teacher calls your name and asks you a question and you have no idea what she has just said, so you just smile.

Academic language, the language used in classrooms, in textbooks, and on tests is an essential skill ELLs struggle to develop:

It usually takes 5-7 years to fully develop academic language. Unlike their native English-speaking peers who have developed some knowledge of English Language during their early years, ELLs are pressured to develop both BICS [Basic Personal Communicative Language] and CALP [Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency] at school because school tasks require ELLs to be proficient in both areas. (Barone and Hong Xu p.141).

Social language, or BICS, the language used in halls and at the lunchroom in social situations, is picked up significantly faster. “It is not uncommon for an ELL to appear fluent in a second language, yet continue to use their native language to describe novel academic concepts.” (Blair, Brasfield and Crenshaw p.35).

Lori A. Helman, a professor of Literacy Education at the University of Minnesota, and Matthew K. Burns, an Education Psychology professor at the University of Minnesota recently conducted a research study of 43 second graders in three elementary schools that had an average of 53 percent of the population ELL. They concluded that if the general education teacher utilizes three techniques, he/she can support the acquisition of sight words with their ELL students, leading to academic achievement. First, differentiating instructional activities, for example providing shorter and more frequent reading sessions and introducing a few new words in each session. Second, incorporating language-development activities, such as, playing a matching game with words that have the same beginning or ending sounds. Third, encourage repetition of high–frequency words in reading, by creating personal readers for students with words they are learning, allowing time daily for reading, and choosing texts that are academically and culturally relevant, with a low ratio of unknown words:

Becoming proficient readers who not only decode but also understand what they are reading is a crucial goal for young ELL students. Developing a sight-word vocabulary that can be used in fluent reading is an important component of this proficiency. (Helman and Burns).

Teachers use several supports to teach reading and writing in their ELL students. One of these resources is the School Librarian. He/she supports the teacher in four ways, beginning with Instruction. Instruction supports the teacher by modeling, pairing students with a peer, using graphic organizers, creating vocabulary/concept inventories, and teaching in small groups. In Collection Development, the librarian acquires books in students’ native language, picture books, and multiple discipline books such as poetry, media such as DVDs, multicultural literature, and books written by students in their native tongue. Also the librarian uses Programming, such as book clubs, and family literacy nights. The librarian assists with Assessment, by providing picture books for baseline assessments, providing professional materials for teachers, and providing lists of library resources for ELL students (Blair, Brasfield and Crenshaw p.36).

Another support is the English as a Second Language Specialist (ESL). “English as a Second Language (ESL) supplements immersion programs by providing special pull-out classes for additional instruction in reading and writing English.” (Sadker and Zittleman p.69). ESL specialists can tailor programs that benefit the individual child. He/she does this by teaching language through literacy instruction, making English text comprehensible, bringing content to life, guiding reading instruction, and story retelling. In the article Promoting Literacy Development for Beginning English Learners, Juliana Arazi, a ESL teacher, exhibits reading techniques that she used with a third grader who is a Chinese immigrant. These techniques included, picture walks- giving names to pictures in a book, personalizing connections, creating a bilingual dictionary and verb bank (see Fig. 2), creating a physical connection to the story-planting a bean seed, creating sentences, interactive writing, choral reading, question coaching, and story retelling. These techniques were applied over a two month period, teaching the student Jack in the Beanstalk, a fairy tale that most students have familiarity with in their native language (Bouchereau Bauer and Arazi).

Verb Bank

Native Language (L1)	Present Tense	-ing form	Past tense
(Chinese for stop)	stop/stops	stopping	stopped
(Chinese for write)	write/writes	writing	wrote
(Chinese for take)	take/takes	taking	took

Fig.2. a representative example of the verb bank in Bouchereau Bauer and Arazi p.384.

The U.S. Department of Education advises ELL teachers to “screen for reading problems and monitor progress, provide intensive small group reading interventions, provide extensive and varied vocabulary instruction, develop academic English, and schedule regular peer assisted learning opportunities.” (Gersten, Baker and Shanahan p.6). They provided this advice in a report in 2007 after determining that there was significant emerging research in the teaching of English learners:

Districts and states have increasingly assessed progress of English learners in academic areas and in English language development. Despite the paucity of rigorous experimental research, we believe that the available evidence allows us to provide practical recommendations about aspects of instruction on which research has cast the sharpest light (Gersten, Baker and Shanahan p.4).

What teachers and school expect from the ELLs is also important to their literacy success. “If teachers and their school do not really believe that ELLs can be proficient literacy learners then ELL’s will mirror this belief-and the school and its teachers would have to own this result” (Barone and Hong Xu p.13). As teachers articulate high expectations, through the setting of objectives, monitoring progress and achieving goals, their students will rise to the occasion.

Looking to the future, teachers can expect their classrooms to become more and more diverse, with a significant increase in their students who are ELLs. Because of the changing demographics in Americas schools, research on how best to accommodate these extraordinary students will increase. Supplementary training for teachers and the need for ESL Specialists will multiply with the ELL population. And although teachers and ELL students face many challenges, by incorporating specific strategies, literacy acquisition can be rewarding for both student and teacher. We don’t need to visit Disneyland Resort to see Tomorrowland in schools, the future, of English Language Learners (ELLs) in American Education, is today!

Works Cited

Barone, Diane M. and Shelley Hong Xu. Literacy Instruction for English Language Learners

Pre-K-2. New York: Guilford Press, 2008.Print.

Blair, Catherine, et al. "School Librarians: Bridging the Language Gap for English Language

Learners." School Library Monthly March 2011: 34-37.Print.

Bouchereau Bauer, Eurydice and Juliana Arazi. "Promoting Literacy Development for Beginning

English Learners." The Reading Teacher Ferbuary 2011: 383-386.Print.

Disney. "Disneyland Resort:Tomorrowland." Disney. n.d. Web. 02 May 2011

<http://disneyland.disney.go.com/disneyland/tomorrowland/>.

Education, California Depatment of and Educational Demographics. "Statewide English

Learners by Language and Grade." Statistic. 2009-2010.Print.

Gersten, R., et al. Effective Literacy and English Language Instruction for English Language

Learners in Elementry Grades:A Practice Guide (NCEE 2007-4011). IES Practice Guide. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2007.

Helman, Lori A. and Matthew K. Burns. "What Does Oral Language Have to Do With It?

Helping Young English-language Learners Acquire a Sight Word Vocabulary." The Reading Teacher September 2008: 14-19.Print.

Hong Xu, Shelley. Teaching English Language Learners. New York: Guilford Press, 2010.Print.

Lems, Kristin, Leah D. Miller and Tenena M. Soro. Teaching Reading to English Language

Learners. New York: Guilford Press, 2010.Print.

Sadker, David Miller and Karen R. Zittleman. Teachers, Schools, and Society. New York:

McGraw-Hill, 2009.Print.

Magnet Schools: Beyond Desegregation

Emilie Spencer

EDU 202- Asherian

May 15,2011

Magnet Schools: Beyond Desegregation

When you drive up to the Las Vegas Academy of International Studies Performing and Visual Arts, you immediately see that this is no ordinary High School. Las Vegas Academy (LVA) does not have the typical High School design, of one large building and a football field. LVA is comprised of many buildings (see Fig. 2), including three theatrical venues and two historical buildings, which have been in use since the 1930’s, when LVA was the original Las Vegas High School and not a football field in site, however they do have tennis courts and a grass field. As you walk through campus you may have to ask for directions because the campus encompasses an entire city block of the downtown Las Vegas area. LVA is a special school; not only is it one of Clark County School Districts eight Magnet Schools, it also is nationally acclaimed:

The Academy has received national, state, and local accolades, including those from the White House, Senators Reid, Bryan, and Ensign, former Governor Bob Miller and former Las Vegas Mayor Jan Jones. The Academy has received eight Grammy Signature School awards for excellence in music programs and has been recognized by the International Network of Performing and Visual Arts schools as a STAR school. In addition, in 2000, the U.S. Department of Education recognized the Academy as a New American High School. In 2002, the U.S. Department of Education honored the Academy as a U.S. Blue Ribbon School, making it one out of only 17 high schools in the country to have received both prestigious awards (Las Vegas Academy of International Studies Performing and Visual Arts, 2011).

Students take core academic courses such as Math, English, Science, Health, and Social Studies on campus as well as major in one of eight areas including “dance, vocal music, instrumental music, international studies, piano, theatre or theatre technology, and visual arts” (Las Vegas Academy of International Studies Performing and Visual Arts, 2011). Magnet schools, like LVA, not only desegregate schools but also provide educational choices for parents and students, extend the students ability by providing challenging curricula, and are an ensign of school innovation.

So what is a Magnet School? Sadker and Zittleman define Magnet School as “A specialized school open to all students in a district on a competitive or lottery basis” (Sadker & Zittleman, 2009). Because LVA is a Magnet School, students wishing to attend must pass an audition in order to be admitted, with the exception of International Studies majors. Students are regularly recruited at the many public middle schools between 7^th and 8^th grades. Magnet schools, like a magnet, draw students from all parts of the district. Students at LVA describe the recruitment process as their first glance of the school. Many of the students further describe their auditions as nerve racking but necessary and are proud of their auditions. Some students categorize International Study majors as the outsiders of the school, mostly because of the lack of an audition process and the lack of an outward display of talent (i.e. gallery showings, and performances). Research tells us that Magnet Schools have higher performance records in terms of “student achievement, student motivation and satisfaction with school, teacher motivation and morale, and parent satisfaction with the school of student achievement” (Flaxman, Guerrero, & Gretchen, 1999). I also observed excellent behavior, in the seven days that I observed LVA students, not once did I observe a disciplinary problem, or behavior correction by a teacher or an administrator. The students were anxiously engaged in their work in both the academic classroom and the specialized classroom. No classroom rules were posted in either of the classrooms I visited, with the exception of safety rules in the photo development area of the Photography class.

Magnet schools are an important option for parents and students. Originally in the 1970’s, Magnet schools were a tool used by districts to desegregate schools. Magnet schools provided an alternative to forced busing. These choice schools provided a way for students of many ethnic and racial backgrounds to come together and study specialized subjects. LVA’s student body is comprised of many ethnicities and races. In today’s world, the definition of Magnet school has expanded; to not only include a more diverse student body and specialized subjects, but also to provide a unique learning environment:

Today, school districts are using them, [Magnet Schools], to accomplish a range of important and related purposes: enhancing student learning and narrowing the achievement gap, giving public school parents more choice in their child’s education experience, and incubating innovative educational methods and practices that can raise the bar for all schools (Paige, Rees, Petrilli, Fiegel, & Brockhouse, 2004).

Magnet schools have changed over the last three decades, improving their vision. As parents and students research alternative public schooling, Magnet schools give them more choices providing a step ahead of the standard zoned school.

This was demonstrated in LVAs Honors English course, American Literature course and the Senior Photography course, all of which I was able to observe. Mrs. Rios, an exceptional English teacher, presented lesson plans that were well thought out, innovative, and challenging (see Fig.1). She presented classes that employed critical thinking, creativity, and enhanced learning. Her students contributed to complex discussions about the books they were studying, presented class presentations that were well coordinated and thought out, and followed through with homework expectations. Ms. Anderson, the Photography teacher, maintained a more student driven classroom. Where student expectations had been lined out at the beginning of the semester and students were able to freely go from station to station fulfilling their assignment obligations. While Ms. Anderson moved about the classroom providing input and grading work. Students were able to exercise creativity and subject selection, and utilized many photo techniques including: developing their own film, photo shopping images, creating image journals, and downloading and creating digital albums. Those who had completed assigned work were also able to work on outside course work. Both of these classes illustrate advanced and unique learning experiences.

English Honors Reading 15 min. Vocab.: Sardonic (adj.) cynical, scornfully mocking 1) SSR/Journal (Journal next class) ~ Prompt: What is your preferred form of escapism? Why this and how does it make you feel? 2) Continue F451 Discussion ~Utopia/Dystopia ~Review of 1st Part of Fahrenheit 451 ~Questions will be a great study guide for the test 3) Creative Imagery 1) Reread pg.94 2) Define “abstract concept” Due Mon. 3) Creative Imagery handout ~Brainstorming- Taste, touch, sight, sound ,smell

American Literature Turn in Sources/Notes for Research Paper Vocab.: Plummet (verb) Fall or drop straight down at high speed 1) H.F. groups 2) Review Research Paper ~requirements (packet) -Title –Thesis –Introduction –Outline -Citation Examples (CLC’s) -Quote helps -Topic sentences 3) Huckleberry Finn Presentation on Friday- 60 min *with your group, plan and implement a lesson plan designed to discuss the significance of your portion of H.F. to the class. Use thoughtful and meaningful activities to generate reader response from the class

Fig. 1. A representation of Mrs. Rios’ daily agenda, she posted on her white board at the front of the classroom.

As my observation came to a close, I had the opportunity to discuss the uniqueness of LVA with the principal Andre Long. Our conversation started with a discussion on pending district wide budget cuts and how that could affect Magnet schools that rely on specialized classes, which are generally the first to go in budget reduction plans. Mr. Long commented that LVA is especially unique, even among Magnet schools, by being able to self-sustain their programs through exhibition sales and theatrical ticket sales. We then went on to discuss LVAs dropout rate as compared with regular public schools. Mr. Long stated that currently LVA has a significantly lower percentage, at 4 percent. “In addition to increasing student motivation, career magnet high schools can encourage students to stay in school. Heebner (1995) found there was a lower dropout rate among lottery winners in medium and high reading-test-score groups in public career magnet high schools in a large city, but, importantly, not in the lowest” (Flaxman, Guerrero, & Gretchen, 1999). Mr. Long felt that from LVAs inception in 1993, the school has stood as an example of exceptional education, each year they adjust and set goals; by looking at their long list of accolades one can see that LVA is truly an institution of outstanding teachers and learners.

LVAs mission statement says: “Las Vegas Academy promotes an interdisciplinary foundation for life long learning by motivating, empowering, and challenging our diverse student body to be academic, artistic, and compassionate individuals” (Las Vegas Academy of International Studies Performing and Visual Arts, 2011). Throughout the four years they attend LVA, they have an opportunity to work toward these goals. The seniors that I observed were ready to take on the world, with knowledge and talent as their guide. I was able to observe one student both in her English class and in her Photography class, as we visited she expressed her gratitude for LVA and how it has prepared her for the career of her choice. As she was coming up on graduation, she was excited about a forth coming career in photography and graphic design. She also expressed her excitement over her younger sister attending LVA next fall. LVA has become a legacy of success for their family.

Magnet schools all over the nation are setting and achieving goals, eliminating racial isolation, creating high-academic expectations, and providing creative outlets for students. Parents and students experience a choice from their regular zoned high schools and participate in a tailored public education. As students leave Magnet schools, enter college and pursue their careers, they have confidence in their abilities and talents. They know they can do what ever they set their minds to; they can reach for the stars. Magnet schools in today’s society are going beyond desegregation, moving into a world of academic achievement through innovation. 

Fig. 2. Las Vegas Academy Campus Map

Works Cited

Flaxman, E., Guerrero, A., & Gretchen, D. (1999). The Educational Benefits of Magnet Schools.

Retrieved May 10, 2011, from National Center for Research in Vocational Schools, University of California, Berkley: http://vocserve.berkeley.edu/abstracts/MDS-803/MDS-803-THE.html

Las Vegas Academy of International Studies Performing and Visual Arts. (2011, May 04).

Retrieved May 10, 2011, from Clark County School District: http://schools.ccsd.net/lva/Home.html

Paige, R., Rees, N. S., Petrilli, M. J., Fiegel, J., & Brockhouse, S. (2004). Creating Successful

Magnet School Programs. Jessup: Education Publications Center, U.S. Department of Education.

Sadker, D. M., & Zittleman, K. R. (2009). Teachers, Schools, and Society.

New York: McGraw-Hill.

Synthesis Paper

Emilie Spencer
Professor Thompson-Dunn
English 102
13 April 2011

Literacy and the English-Language Learner

Modern-day teachers are affected by an ever increasing student body of English Language Learners (ELL). This trend has caused researchers to develop new ways to accommodate these extraordinary students. Literacy is one of the key elements in academic achievement; because this is a critical component, three articles addressing the issue of English Language Learners and Literacy have recently been published. In 2008, The Reading Teacher published an article titled “What does oral language have to do with it? Helping young English-Language Learners acquire a sight word vocabulary”, by Lori A. Helman and Matthew K. Burns. Helman and Burns address the skills that an ELL student needs to achieve in reading and writing proficiency with the use of sight words. The Reading Teacher addressed a similar issue in February 2011 in an article titled; “Promoting Literacy Development for beginning English Learners” by Eurydice Bouchereau Bauer in cooperation with Juliana Arazi, the article’s featured English as a Second Language teacher (ESL). In the article, Bauer focused on Arazi and her ELL student demonstrating teaching techniques to improve literacy development in English Language Learners. School Library Monthly also addressed this issue in March 2011, the panel of authors focused on the techniques librarians can use to facilitate reading proficiency in ELL students. In the article titled “School Librarians: Bridging the Gap for English Language Learners “by Catherine Blair, Amanda Brasfield, Karen Crenshaw and Amanda Mosedale.

What does oral language have to do with it? Helping young English-Language Learners acquire a sight word vocabulary is written directly to the elementary general education teacher (GE). The article describes the problem of ELL students losing interest in the reading lessons because they cannot follow along and keep the same pace as the rest of the students. The articles’ purpose is to show how certain reading skills, particularly sight word acquisition, are necessary for reading development; what research conveys about sight word acquisition and concludes by giving suggestions to GE teachers on how to practically apply reading skills to their ELL students. The article demonstrates that fluency in the English language directly correlates with the percentage of sight words a child can successfully acquisition. To reach this conclusion, Helman and Burns conducted a research study of forty three second graders in three elementary schools that had an average of fifty three percent of the population ELL. They further conclude that if the GE teacher will utilize three techniques, differentiating instructional activities, incorporating language development activities, and encourage repetition of high–frequency words in reading, he/she can support the acquisition of sight words with their ELL students, leading to academic achievement.

Promoting Literacy Development for beginning English Learners directs its comments to teachers who specialize in English as a Second Language (ESL), however, at the conclusion of the article, it does give a summary of techniques a GE teacher can incorporate in their classroom as well. The article presents the problem of teachers struggling to meet the needs of immigrant students, due to instructional methods and foreign curriculums. The article describes how reading comprehension is acquired by the use of rapid word recognition, semantic and syntactic clues and that ELL students must also have good vocabulary development to achieve reading comprehension. Bauer states that children who have oral and written skills in their native language are able to process reading and writing skills in English faster. In the article, Juliana Arazi, a ESL teacher, exhibits reading techniques that she used with a third grader who is a Chinese immigrant. These techniques included, picture walks- giving names to pictures in a book, personalizing connections, creating a bilingual dictionary and verb bank, creating a physical connection to the story-planting a bean seed, creating sentences, interactive writing, choral reading, question coaching, and story retelling. These techniques were applied over a two month period, teaching the student Jack in the Beanstalk, a fairy tale that most students have familiarity with in their native language. The article concludes that, by addressing linguistic and cultural resources ELL students bring to school, schools will be more apt to present a better education to students and their parents.

School Librarians: Bridging the Gap for English Language Learners was written in a collaborative effort by four student authors under the direction of Associate Professor of Library Science at UNC, Susan Hughes-Hassell, Ph D. They aim their thoughts at school librarians. The article reports that the ELL population as of 2008 has increased to 5.3 million throughout the United States. They further assert that ELL students rank significantly lower than native English speakers in basic reading proficiency assessments. The article provides three key points or strategies to effectively work with ELL students in their quest for reading proficiency. These include: “offering learning resources that are culturally familiar” (Blair, Brasfield and Crenshaw p.35), differentiating between academic and social language, and assessing frequently to gauge comprehension of learning material. School Librarians can make use of these techniques by modeling, pairing students with a peer, using graphic organizers, creating vocabulary/concept inventories, and teaching in small groups. The authors also give advice on the types of library collections schools should acquire to better meet the needs of ELL students, including: books in their native language, picture books, and multiple discipline books such as poetry, media such as DVDs, multicultural literature, and books written by students in their native tongue. The author contends that extracurricular activities also supplement literacy learning and because ELL students require different learning techniques, their assessments should also be specialized to meet the individual needs. The article concludes that school librarians are instrumental in supporting the ELL student and in collaboration with the GE teacher they can provide significant benefits to all of the students.

When comparing these articles the reader sees many similarities. All the articles were published in education periodicals and are directed to members of the teaching profession, particularity those who are responsible for teaching literacy skills. They are quick to point out, in each essay, that their continues to be an influx of immigrant students in the United States which can create a problem for teachers who are not prepared with the specialized teaching skills required for a successful ELL student. Each article gives tips and techniques to the reader on how to provide for the best learning experience. The articles express how ELL students flourish when they have a background of literacy in their native tongue, teachers use culturally responsive teaching techniques, they take their time and don’t rush through reading exercises, and educators use supports such as librarians, ESL specialists, and outside resources to facilitate reading proficiency. All of the authors are objective and cite several resources to validate their points.

Differences in the articles include who the articles are specifically directed to, and where the teaching techniques are being applied such as in the classroom, one on one, or in the library. Two of the articles chose to use examples of particular student’s experiences, where one did not use such examples to uphold their theories. Both Promoting Literacy Development for beginning English Learners and What does oral language have to do with it? Helping young English-Language Learners acquire a sight word vocabulary, use their own research to back-up their conclusions; where School Librarians: Bridging the Gap for English Language Learners rely on gathered statistics.

Although the articles were fairly easy to comprehend, lay readers may have a difficult time following the education verbiage. For example, Helman and Burns description of their research techniques, especially the complex math equations, forces the reader to look back over the text for full comprehension. Acronym use proliferates the articles, and definitions of terms such as sight words, academic and social language, alphabetic principles, and transitional readers were readily available to the reader in text. However, each of the articles assumes that the reader is familiar with many of the terms used, such as in Bauer’s use of “semantic and syntactic” (Bouchereau Bauer and Arazi p.383), which are left, undefined.

By reviewing the articles together the reader gains a panoramic view of Literacy and the English-Language Learner, which is a critical issue faced by educators today. Emerging research is demonstrated and findings assure literacy teachers that techniques are available to support their diverse ELL students. Each of the authors expressed that it is their hope that teachers will implement the prescribed teaching techniques to further advance reading proficiency.

Works Cited

Blair, Catherine, et al. "School Librarians: Bridging the Language Gap for English Language Learners." School Library Monthly March 2011: 34-37.Print.

Bouchereau Bauer, Eurydice and Juliana Arazi. "Promoting Literacy Development for Beginning English Learners." The Reading Teacher Ferbuary 2011: 383-386.Print.

Helman, Lori A. and Matthew K. Burns. "What Does Oral Language Have to Do With It? Helping Young English-language Learners Acquire a Sight Word Vocabulary." The Reading Teacher September 2008: 14-19.Print.

History Channel Proposal

Emilie Spencer

History 101- Levesque

Paper 2-History Channel

The new fall season is just around the corner and I am so excited. My staff and I received your memo about getting back to you with an idea for kick off week in September. We have had our researchers working on a project for sometime now and think this is a perfect time to move into production. Ratings tell us that viewers enjoy shows about medicine and we’ve done a variety in this particular genre; but for fall we propose doing a show about American medicine at the turn of the nineteenth century. We feel that this should be presented as a three part series, starting with a show called Bad Joke: an end to Humorous Medicine, featuring the medical practices available to Americans in the late eighteenth century, Post-Revolutionary War. Then a show called Army Medicine and The War of 1812, featuring Mary Gillett’s book The Army Medical Department 1775-1818. Then we’d finish the series with Prophetic Healer, a show specifically highlighting the physician Nathan Smith M.D. the founder of Dartmouth Medical School. These three shows would cover the time frame we discussed, from approx. 1775-1840.

Our opening show Bad Joke: an end to Humorous Medicine will go over different prevailing theories on the diagnosis and treatment of disease at the end of the eighteenth century. At the start of the program we could show how medical diagnosis happens today, such as: you go into a doctors office have an examination, blood may possibly be drawn for tests and medicine maybe prescribed. We will then describe the typical diagnosis system for eighteenth century Americans. It will describe the theory of balancing the four “humors”. (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) Primitive methods of treatment will be demonstrated through reenactment, including bleeding. We may consider filming at Colonial Williamsburg, the living museum in Williamsburg, Virginia for reenactments. The show will reveal that although the theory of “humors”, or the practice of balancing “humors”, had been widely used by physicians for centuries it was now coming to an end. Other theories such as the Acid/Alkalinity theory by Hermann Boerhaave, a Dutch physician, and the balancing of the nervous system by Dr. William Cullen, a Scotsman became more prevalent. These theories should be highlighted. The show will then turn to the more practical practice of medicine in the home and discusses the use of herbs by the early American housewife. The Bernard Becker Medical Library at Washington University School of Medicine has an extensive collection of rare medical books and it would be great to show some of the pages of the book Medical Repository the first medical journal published in the United States. Interviews could pepper the program, including interviewing the Librarian at Bernard Becker Medical Library and the Curator of Colonial Williamsburg.

The second show Army Medicine and The War of 1812, will be an especially interesting show. We purpose that this be filmed on location in tour like fashion, with a commentator showing the historical sites such as: The Battle of Thames in Canada, the Battle of Plattsburg in New York, the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in Alabama, and the battle for New Orleans after the official end to the war. The commentator should describe the hospitals of both the northern battle ground and southern, whether they are a hospital tents or mansions turned into hospitals. Treatment of the patients should also be described and reenacted. Ms. Gilletts book has a copious amount of graphics, including supply manifests, health records including photos of actual death lists with personal effects, vital statistics, and photos of physicians’ bags and descriptions of procedures to treat the wounded. These graphics are extremely informative, they could be used in combination with an interview of Ms Gillett, an expert of medical treatment of the time, which would be great. Using computer animation to show maps and hospital set-ups would be impressive as well. I also would like to touch on contagious diseases such as smallpox. Showing how recently inoculated but contagious soldiers were used to infiltrate the American strongholds by Great Britain, an example of germ warfare. A flash into the future of germ warfare would grab viewer interest at this point as well.

To conclude our series we’ll present an expose on Dr. Nathan Smith. He was a man whose skills were ahead of his time. Dr Smith was a rare bird, highly trained in a society of ordinary and poorly trained physicians. This Harvard trained master of medicine,(the fifth to graduate) wasn’t afraid to look outside the box. This is evident by his infamous surgery in 1813, on Joseph Smith the boy who would become the Prophet of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, the Mormons, who was afflicted with a bone infection in his leg after a wake of typhoid fever in the area. Described by Le Roy Worthlin, a vascular surgeon and member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, in 1978 “Nathan Smith was one of early America’s greatest medical men and had, on his own, devised an operation for osteomyelitis as early as 1798 that he would later publish in 1827 but that would lapse into disuse for two generations.” (Wirthlin, 2011) The LDS church currently has a film describing the life of the Prophet Joseph, and we are currently seeking permission to show the portion where his leg surgery is dramatized, this would add an interesting dynamic to the show. I also think an interview with a church historian would be called for. Dr. Smith single handedly founded Dartmouth Medical College as well as three other New England medical colleges, he was professor at Yale, and taught many other influential American physicians. At Yale today they have a historical club called the Nathan Smith Club, which has been around since 1924. Interviews with members and clips of the club in session would be a wonderful addition to this episode.

We have discussed and agree that the shows you’re looking for need to have lots of personal interest, reenactments, interviews, computer graphics including animation, well-known and not so well known historical figures and relevance to today’s society. By providing the History Channel with this series, we feel we meet this need. We also feel that although we have made medical shows previously, these particular scenarios have not been spotlighted. We look forward to presenting these shows in fall. Thank you for your consideration.

Works Cited

Blough, B., & Grossman, D. C. (2011). Two Hundred Years of Medicine. Retrieved 04 07, 2011, from Dartmouth Medical School: http://dms.dartmouth.edu/about/history/history.shtml/

Brainerd, R. (2005). 18th Century Medicine. Retrieved 04 07, 2011, from history1700s.com: http://www.history1700s.com/articles/article1016.shtml

Gillett, M. C. (2009, 05 21). The Army Medical Department 1775-1818. Retrieved 04 07, 2011, from U.S. Army Medical Department:Office of Medical History: http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/rev/gillett1/default.html

Jackson M.D., B. (2007). Nathan Smith Club. Retrieved 04 07, 2011, from Yale School of Medicine: http://medicine.yale.edu/histmed/events/smithclub.aspx

Library, B. B. (2009). Monuments of Medicine Collection. Retrieved 04 07, 2011, from Washington University School of Medicine: http://beckerexhibits.wustl.edu/rare/rights.html

Pryor, S., Kipps, R., Cotner, S., & Dippre, K. (2011). Eighteenth Century Medical Myths. Retrieved 04 07, 2011, from Colonial Williamsburg: http://www.history.org/history/teaching/enewsletter/volume2/may04/medicalmyths.cfm

The History of Medicine:The Revolutionary War. (2003). Retrieved 04 07, 2011, from Wellness Directory of Minnesota: http://www.mnwelldir.org/docs/history/history02.htm

Wirthlin, L. R. (2011). Jospeh Smiths Surgeon. Retrieved 04 07, 2011, from LDS.org: http://lds.org/ensign/1978/03/discovery/joseph-smiths-surgeon?lang=eng&query=joseph+smith+leg+surgery

Making Ripples

This is a Critique Essay for English 102. The assignment was to find an article that takes a stance on a subject. Try to get one that pertains to your field of study. It is an essay about how the author approached the subject in his article. Although I agree with the author, this is not a paper about how I feel about the subject but rather about how well the author dealt with the subject. To go to the article original article click on this link:  http://www.kappanmagazine.org/content/92/2/40.full 

Emilie Spencer

English 102

6 March 2011

Making Ripples

The article, Making Ripples: How Principals and Teachers Can Spread Hope throughout Our Schools was published in Phi Delta Kapplan Magazine in October of 2010. The article was written by Shane J. Lopez, an associate psychology professor at the University of Kansas and a primary researcher of the effectiveness of hope training programs in schools. The article’s purpose is to inform educators of their responsibility to promote hope and hopeful feelings in order to solve the growing problem of student stagnancy and discouragement. Although Lopez neglects to show an opposing viewpoint and fails to fully explain the reason why one of the schools in his examples chooses not to follow his program, his argument is very strong. By providing corroborating evidence through field research and Gallup poll results, Lopez argues that an attitude of hope will reap positive results for educators and students. Lopez further contends that hopefulness stimulates: better attendance, more earned credits, higher academic achievement, increased test scores, improved self-esteem, and builds problem solving skills. The article surmises that the effect of one person’s attitude can affect many. Lopez uses the illustration of a ripple on water to express this.

Lopez builds the article by starting with an example, presenting supporting arguments, stating the problem, giving solutions including implementation, and then going full circle in the conclusion by referring back to the original example. He then tops the article off with a “hope” statement. Lopez’s Thesis, “Helping students become more hopeful can improve their ability to learn as well as make them more resilient to future challenges” lays out the foundation for the article. He begins by telling of an experience at a Kansas High School where implementation of the Hope Program is just beginning. He then shows the reader the overwhelming facts that support his thesis including: how hope is not related considerably to income and native intelligence, and that hope is linked to school attendance, earned credits and academic achievement. His study also revealed that middle school students are especially affected by feelings of hope in both an improvement in test scores and better grades. Grade point average is also improved in high school and early college students, if the student is hopeful.

The author solidifies his argument by presenting Gallup poll statistics which have been gathered from field research of over 450,000 students over the past 20 years. They conclude that 50% of students are hopeful, hopeful students reach goals and overcome challenges, and that the perception of good outcomes is a key element. The author also presents the statistics of discouraged youth stating that the 50% of discouraged students can not see pathways to problem solving or don’t get outside support which leads to poor performance.

To further convince the reader Lopez uses examples of several schools who implemented his Hope Program with positive results. One in particular, Nettlehorst in Chicago, used a goal of school improvement as a proving ground for the Hope Program. As they set attainable goals and achieved them, the community banded together transforming the school.

The article explains several ways to implement Lopez’s theory of hopefulness. These implementation techniques start with the educator. Lopez states that educators can develop hope by encouraging autonomy, modeling a hopeful lifestyle, promoting strengths based development and sharing experiences of obstacles being overcome and goals being realized. Staff at schools can spread hope by setting goals, tracking progress and celebrating achievement. Lopez also asserts that hopeful communication is also important in daily interactions.

Lopez uses his article as a teaching tool and teaches a specific hope technique called “Teach the “ways” to get good grades and solve problems” (Lopez) This terminology maybe little difficult to understand with out explanation. He infers what he means in the next sentence, that “ways” means necessary strategies. “Ways” that he includes in the article are “ways” to study for tests, prepare for exams, track grades, solve interpersonal disputes and pursue interests and interview for jobs. Another new terminology used in the article was “Regoaling”. Lopez referenced to this term when describing how communities can become hopeful. Teachers model hopeful behavior for communities by “knocking down obstacles to students’ big goals and regoaling when necessary.” (Lopez) The author defines this term as “involving modifying the current goal so that it continues to align with desires and values but is more attainable given the school’s best ideas and available energy.” (Lopez)

Because the author has an invested personal interest in the Hope Program, he writes with passion and sincere interest in the topic he’s discussing. Lopez displays a sincere desire for change in the attitudes of educators, students, and the community. Educators are able to relate to the article because the author demonstrates knowledge of students and their behavior. The article would also be valuable for parents to read to help foster a hopeful attitude in their homes. Lopez’s article is an enjoyable and an informative read. Educators looking to improve and uplift their students will find Lopez’s article inspiring and motivational.

In this article, Making Ripples: How Principals and Teachers Can Spread Hope throughout Our Schools, Lopez could have brought more balance by stating an opposing viewpoint and explaining why one of the schools he used for an example chose not to implement one of his ideas. He also could have provided additional information regarding the first example; the author leaves the result open ended. However, Lopez does provide verifiable evidence of his thesis, including his field research and the statistics from Gallup. He further compels his audience by demonstrating implementation techniques in a sincere and passionate way; instilling in educators a desire for change. As educators use this article as a training tool, the authors’ purpose for writing it will be met. When the techniques presented in this article are implemented, educators and students will reap benefits that will last a lifetime, making ripples of hope that will spread throughout the school and into the community.

Works Cited

Lopez, Shane J. "Making Ripples: How Principals and Teachers Can Spread Hope Throughout Our Schools." Phi Delta Kappan October 2010: Vol. 92 no.2 p.40-44.

Mixtec Codex History 101 Paper

This is the first paper my History professor has asked for this semester.This paper covers the time period Prehistory to 1775. You will imagine you are a person or thing that exists during this period. Please write a letter to the future explaining your life or existence.

Fair Ones,

I am 5 loo “Red Brush”, or 5 eye “Red Brush”. Our people are named for the day we are born. When we are older our names reflect our attributes, I am Red Brush from my skill as an artist. My people are the Ñuudzahui or people of the rain; the Mixtec. Our people have much knowledge of the heavens, we use several calendars to mark our nights and days; one calendar to trace the sun and another to show the days of ritual. I am a record keeper. I have been trained in the art of a tlahcuilolli, an honored scribe. I along with the other tlahcuilolli have been chosen to document the history of our people. There have been tlahcuilolli before us and there will be tlahcuilolli after. We are the preservers of history, the tellers of tales, the rememberers, the teachers, the biographers, and ritual keepers. Both men and women are chosen and trained in the art. Only the priests and elite can read our work. Our work is sung and remembered, so our sacred origins will not be forgotten.

The great Lord 8 Deer “Jaguar Claw” and his ascension to the throne is to be my first official endeavor. It will be written on the reverse side. The other scribes and I are to then write of the genealogy of our people; on the obverse side, it will contain over 500 years of history, the book when completed will be approximately 24.5 cubits. Each page will measure a half cubit by almost a half cubit. The pages will fold into a book you can hold in your hands and can be rolled out for retelling and teaching ceremonies. These sacred works "…had many books…that the historians inscribed with characters so abbreviated, that a single page expressed the place, the site, province, year, month, and day with all the names of the gods, ceremonies, and sacrifices, or victories that they celebrated, and recorded in this way by the sons of the lords…their priest had instructed them since infancy to illustrate the characters and memorize the histories…I heard some elders explain that they were accustomed to fasten these manuscripts along the length of the rooms of the lords for their aggrandizement and vanity, they took pride in displaying them in their councils." (Pohl) The completion of the record will take many moons.

First we will tan the hide of a deer; we then smooth the surface and apply a thin layer of plaster to prepare it for painting. Specialized techniques are used to create the sacred images. We use dedicated brushes and hand techniques to create the pictographs. We date the events in our writing. Our numbering system is unique and has been formulated by our forefathers. We recognize and use the number zero. Each page will be strategically placed and boustrophedon or red lines will show the progression for the reader. Our paints are ground from minerals and mixed with oils; they are bright, vivid, and will stand the test of time.

We live in a tumultuous time, wars and conquests among our people are prevalent. Marriage as a means of combining principalities are common practice. We live in a society of three classes, the commoners, the elites and the supernatural’s. Tlahcuilolli are specially trained elite.

As we tell the story of the supernatural Lord 8 Deer “Jaguar Claw”, we remember his struggle to the throne. Our conquering and heroic ruler established his reach over many states combining them into one great nation. Our capital is here in Tilantango. 5 Crocodile “Sun of Rain” the High Priest was Lord 8 Deer “Jaguar Claw’s” father; he was one of the originators of the calendar reform, and a preserver of the Upper Mixtec Area. Lord 8 Deer “Jaguar Claw” was the eldest son of Lady 11 Water “Blue Bird-Jewel”; 5 Crocodile “Sun of Rain’s” second wife. All through his life Lord 8 Deer “Jaguar Claw’s” aim was for the throne, he was a man of ambition. His mentor and companion through this enterprise was his elder step-brother the great warrior and prince 12 Earthquake “Bloody Jaguar”. Lord 8 Deer “Jaguar Claw”, had many quests and traveled to see the oracle the Priestess of the Dead, who commanded that he should leave Tilantango to Tututepec. Here he amassed a great army and swept the land in great force; for six years he raged war, killing those who stood in his way to the throne. A long feud between Tilantango and Red and White Bundle did not stop Lord 8 Deer “Jaguar Claw”, from a secret love affair with the future queen, 6 Monkey. When the sovereign of Tilantango was mysteriously killed, the Priestess of the Dead declared 12 Earthquake “Bloody Jaguar” to be the next in line to rule. Three years later he was murdered in his sweat bath by unknown assailants. Mourning the death of his beloved brother Lord 8 Deer “Jaguar Claw”, takes the throne and declares war on Red and White Bundle, those he presumes have killed his brother. He overtakes the palace dressed as a warrior, bare chested with hanging gold and jewels, cotton armor, beard wig and a cowl from a jaguars head. His former lover and the King sit on the throne, they both perish, 6 monkey dies in Lord 8 Deer “Jaguar Claw’s” arms. 6 Monkeys sons are at the palace, Lord 8 Deer “Jaguar Claw” forces her eldest son 4 Wind to bow to him, and he and his brother are taken prisoner (although other works may contradict this). After a six month battle with 4 Wind and his allies Tilantango is overcome. Lord 8 Deer “Jaguar Claw” is made to cower to 4 Wind and then is killed and personally disemboweled by 4 Wind. 4 Wind became our ruler and has taken Lord 8 Deer “Jaguar Claw’s” daughter for his bride.

This epic tale of conquest of a great nation must not be forgotten. The Ñuudzahui are a learned and strong people. 4 Wind has promised that as we go to war we will become a vast empire, one that could surpass that of our hero Lord 8 Deer “Jaguar Claw”.

I have finished my meal of squash and beans and must go now; I am needed to work on the next page.

Forever, 5 eye “Red Brush”

Works Cited

Bakewell, Liza and Byron Hamann. "The Nuttal Codex." Mesolore. 28 2 2011 <http://www.mesolore.com/classroom/tutorials/24>.

Ferreira, Leonardo. Centuries of Silence:the story of Latin American Journalism. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006.

Green, Jen, et al. The Encycolpedia of the Ancient Americas. London: Southwater, 2001.

Josephy Jr., Alvin M. America in 1492 The World of Indian Peoples before the Arrival of Columbus. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992.

Lacambalam. MesoAmerican Codices. 28 2 2011 <http://www.angelfire.com/dc/dresdencodex/webengnuttall.html>.

Mann, Charles C. 1491 New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005.

Pohl, John. FAMSI Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, INC. 28 2 2011 <http://www.famsi.org/research/pohl/jpcodices/pohlmixtec1.html>.

Click Photo to get a closer look.